G. Carnevale¹ , N. Carnevale² , P. Carnevale³

1 HSE, Vector Control in Emergency Situations, Jalan Raya Sakah 22x, Batuan, 80582, Indonesia
2 First Help Instructor, 9a Meyre Street, Soussans, France
3 Director of Research, Georges Building, A. Sakhaov Street, Castelnau-le-Lez, France
Author    Correspondence author
Journal of Mosquito Research, 2026, Vol. 16, No. 3   
Received: 03 Jun., 2026    Accepted: 15 Jul., 2026    Published: 27 Jul., 2026

This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This study proposes a new method, called “ranking”, to quickly assess four vector control methods: Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets (LLINs) alone, LLINs combined with insecticide-treated plastic sheeting (ITPS) (ZeroFly® model), ITPS (ZeroVector® model) alone, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) followed by ITPS installation. These methods were implemented in eight villages (two villages per vector control methods) near Balombo town, Benguela Province, Angola. Entomological and parasitological indicators were systematically analyzed, and a ranking system was applied to compare the efficacy of each method. Three entomological parameters-density, infectivity, and entomological inoculation rate (EIR)-and three parasitological indicators-plasmodial prevalence, parasite load, and gametocyte index-were evaluated. The evaluation with ranking of the efficacy of the four methods was different with entomological, or parasitological indicators. Gathering the entomological and parasitological ranks, showed that IRS followed by ITPS had the greatest efficacy, significantly reducing vector densities, EIR, plasmodial prevalence, and gametocyte indices. LLINs combined with ZeroFly® performed second, followed by ZeroVector® alone. The three methods including ITPS had almost the same overall efficacy, while LLINs alone ranked the lowest. Ranking these indicators provides a quick, and effective, approach for vector control evaluation. It clearly shows that, in the surveyed situation, the ITPS alone, or in combination with IRS, or LLIN, was of great help for malaria control, and could be recommended as a complement tool for the National Malaria Contro Programme.

Ranking; Entomological indicators; Parasitological indicators; Four methods of vector control; Long-lasting insecticide treated nets; Insecticide-treated plastic sheeting; Indoor residual spraying; Malaria